Vehicle appliques

ABSTRACT

A vehicle applique includes a base structure and a polymeric coating disposed on the base structure. The polymeric coating at least partially covers an outer surface of the base structure. A diffraction grating is integrally defined by the polymeric coating. The diffraction grating has a thickness in a range of from about 100 nm to about 300 nm.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure generally relates to vehicle appliques. Morespecifically, the present disclosure relates to vehicle appliques withdiffraction grating and methods of making the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Iridescent components may offer a unique and attractive viewingexperience. The iridescent components may upgrade the aesthetics of avehicle. Typically, to upgrade the aesthetics of the vehicle, moldedplastic components are formed to resemble jewels, which are thenattached to the vehicle.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

According to at least one aspect of the present disclosure, a vehicleapplique includes a base structure and a polymeric coating disposed onthe base structure. The polymeric coating at least partially covers anouter surface of the base structure. A diffraction grating is integrallydefined by the polymeric coating. The diffraction grating has athickness in a range of from about 100 nm to about 300 nm.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method ofmanufacturing a vehicle applique includes providing a mold andselectively etching a first pattern on at least one surface of the mold.A second pattern is selectively nano-engraved on the at least onesurface of the mold. The second pattern includes a diffraction grating.A base structure is positioned within the mold. A polyurethane coatingis injection molded into the mold.

According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a method ofmanufacturing a vehicle applique including providing a mold andnano-engraving a diffraction grating on a surface of the mold. Thesurface of the mold is heated via induction heating. A base structure ispositioned within the mold. A polymeric coating is injection molded overthe base structure.

These and other aspects, objects, and features of the present disclosurewill be understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art uponstudying the following specification, claims, and appended drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following is a description of the figures in the accompanyingdrawings. The figures are not necessarily to scale, and certain featuresand certain views of the figures may be shown exaggerated in scale or inschematic in the interest of clarity and conciseness.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a front perspective view of a vehicle including appliques,according to one example;

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a window applique of FIG. 1, taken atsection II;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the applique of FIG. 2, taken at sectionIII;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a diffraction grating of FIG. 3taken along line IV-IV;

FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a grille applique of FIG. 1 taken atsection V;

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the grille applique of FIG. 5 takenalong line VI-VI;

FIG. 7 is a schematic of a nano-engraving process using a femtosecondultraviolet laser, according to one example;

FIG. 8 is a schematic of heating a mold for making a vehicle applique,according to one example;

FIG. 9 is a schematic of an insert molding process for making anapplique, according to one example;

FIG. 10 is a schematic of a two-shot injection molding process formaking a vehicle applique, according to one example; and

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a method of manufacturing a vehicleapplique, according to one example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth inthe detailed description which follows and will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art from the description, or recognized by practicing theinvention as described in the following description, together with theclaims and appended drawings.

For purposes of description herein, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “right,”“left,” “rear,” “front,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” and derivativesthereof shall relate to the concepts as oriented in FIG. 1. However, itis to be understood that the concepts may assume various alternativeorientations, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It isalso to be understood that the specific devices and processesillustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the followingspecification are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive conceptsdefined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and otherphysical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed hereinare not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly stateotherwise.

As used herein, the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or moreitems, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself,or any combination of two or more of the listed items, can be employed.For example, if a composition is described as containing components A,B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; Aand B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; orA, B, and C in combination.

As used herein, the term “about” means that amounts, sizes,formulations, parameters, and other quantities and characteristics arenot and need not be exact, but may be approximate and/or larger orsmaller, as desired, reflecting tolerances, conversion factors, roundingoff, measurement error and the like, and other factors known to those ofskill in the art. When the term “about” is used in describing a value oran end-point of a range, the disclosure should be understood to includethe specific value or end-point referred to. Whether or not a numericalvalue or end-point of a range in the specification recites “about,” thenumerical value or end-point of a range is intended to include twoembodiments: one modified by “about,” and one not modified by “about.”It will be further understood that the end-points of each of the rangesare significant both in relation to the other end-point, andindependently of the other end-point.

The terms “substantial,” “substantially,” and variations thereof as usedherein are intended to note that a described feature is equal orapproximately equal to a value or description. For example, a“substantially planar” surface is intended to denote a surface that isplanar or approximately planar. Moreover, “substantially” is intended todenote that two values are equal or approximately equal. In someembodiments, “substantially” may denote values within about 10% of eachother, such as within about 5% of each other, or within about 2% of eachother.

As used herein the terms “the,” “a,” or “an,” mean “at least one,” andshould not be limited to “only one” unless explicitly indicated to thecontrary. Thus, for example, reference to “a component” includesembodiments having two or more such components unless the contextclearly indicates otherwise.

In this document, relational terms, such as first and second, top andbottom, and the like, are used solely to distinguish one entity oraction from another entity or action, without necessarily requiring orimplying any actual such relationship or order between such entities oractions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variationthereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that aprocess, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elementsdoes not include only those elements but may include other elements notexpressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, orapparatus. An element proceeded by “comprises . . . a” does not, withoutmore constraints, preclude the existence of additional identicalelements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprisesthe element.

Referring to FIGS. 1-11, reference numeral 10 generally refers to avehicle having an applique 14. The applique 14 includes a base structure18 and a polymeric coating 22 disposed on the base structure 18. Thepolymeric coating 22 at least partially covers an outer surface 26 ofthe base structure 18. A diffraction grating 30 is integrally defined bythe polymeric coating 22. The diffraction grating 30 has a thickness ina range of from about 100 nm to about 300 nm.

Referring to FIG. 1, the vehicle 10 having various appliques 14 isillustrated in one example. The vehicle 10 is a wheeled motor vehicledepicted as a sport utility vehicle, but may also be a sedan, a truck, avan, crossover, or other style of vehicle 10. The vehicle 10 may be amanually operated vehicle 10 (e.g., with a human driver), a fullyautonomous vehicle 10 (e.g., no human driver), or a partially autonomousvehicle 10 (e.g., may be operated with or without a human driver).Additionally, the vehicle 10 may be utilized for personal and/orcommercial purposes, such as for ride-providing services (e.g.,chauffeuring) and/or ride-sharing services.

The vehicle 10 may include a variety of appliques 14 for providing aselected aesthetic for the vehicle 10. The appliques 14, as illustratedin FIG. 1, may be positioned on an exterior 34 of the vehicle 10 and mayalso be positioned on an interior of the vehicle 10. For example, theapplique 14 may be a grille applique, an emblem, a wheel applique, adoor panel, a pillar feature (e.g., A-, B-, and/or C-pillars), or othertrim pieces or appliques 14. Additionally or alternatively, the applique14 may be disposed on an interior of the vehicle 10. For example, theapplique 14 may be a steering wheel cover, an infotainment system cover,a dash cover of an instrument panel, or an interior door cover. It willbe understood that the foregoing description is exemplary and that otherappliques (e.g., center console cover, glove box door, cup holder,interior pillar covers, instrument cluster hood) may be equallyapplicable to the teachings provided herein.

Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the applique 14 may be formed of the basestructure 18 defining one or more surfaces, including an outer surface26 that may not be directly coupled to the vehicle 10. The basestructure 18 may include, acrylic, polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene,nylon, acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA), polycarbonate acrylonitrilestyrene acrtlate (PC ASA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polylacticacid, polyethersulfone, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, a liquidcrystal polymer, cyclo-olefin copolymer, other thermoplastic materials,thermoset materials and/or combinations thereof. The base structure 18may be molded to the selected shape depending on the selected applique14.

The applique 14 may have the polymeric coating 22 disposed on at leastone of the surfaces of the base structure 18. In a specific example, thepolymeric coating 22 may partially or entirely cover the outer surface26 of the base structure 18. The polymeric coating 22 includespolyurethane, polyuria, or another optically clear polymeric material22A. As used herein, the term “optically clear” refers to a materialthat has a high light transmittance over at least a portion of thevisible light spectrum (about 400 nm to about 700 nm) and that exhibitslow haze. Both the luminous transmission and the haze can be determinedusing, for example, the method 200 of ASTM-D 1003-95. In variousexamples, the polymeric coating 22 has about 10% haze or less, about 5%haze or less, and/or about 2% haze or less. The polymeric coating 22 maybe advantageous for providing an optically clear, scratch-resistantcoating to protect the base structure 18. Further, the polymeric coating22 may be self-healing. As used herein, “self-healing” refers to amaterial that can automatically and/or intrinsically correct damagewithout human intervention. The self-healing aspect may be intrinsic andautonomous or may activate in response to an external stimulus (e.g.,light 42, temperature, etc.). The ability to correct damage caused bynormal usage may decrease costs and increase the life of the material.

Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, the polymeric coating 22 may define thediffraction grating 30. The diffraction grating 30 extends across theentire polymeric coating 22, or across discrete portions of thepolymeric coating 22. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the diffraction grating30 may form a pattern 50 in the polymeric coating 22. However, it isalso contemplated that the diffraction grating 30 may not form a pattern50, and may instead be random. The diffraction grating 30 may define avariety of patterns 50. For example, the diffraction grating 30 mayinclude a ruled grating pattern having ridges and grooves. Additionallyor alternatively, the diffraction grating 30 may include a holographicgrating pattern having a sinusoidal shape. Additionally or alternativelystill, the diffraction grating 30 may include a spaced-holographicpattern having alternating plateaus and rounded grooves. The applique 14may include a single diffraction grating 30, or more than onediffraction grating. In examples with more than one diffraction grating30, the different diffraction gratings 30 may have different properties(e.g., spacing, period 54, or blaze angle θ_(B)) which may cause eachdiffraction grating 30 to diffract light differently (i.e., benoticeably different from one another).

The diffraction grating 30 may be distinguished from traditionaltexturing or ridging of appliques 14 in that traditional texturing orridging is configured to decrease shine, glare, reflectance and/oroptical effects from the appliques 14, while the diffraction gratings 30is configured to diffract and scatter light 42 impinging on the applique14. The diffraction grating 30 is an optical component with a periodicstructure, which splits and diffracts incident light 42 into severalbeams traveling in different directions. The directions of these beamsdepend on the spacing of the diffraction grating 30 and the wavelengthof the light 42, so that the diffraction grating 30 acts as thedispersive element. With reference to FIG. 4, the diffraction grating 30is configured to produce an iridescent pattern to light 42 impingingupon it. The diffraction grating 30 may be present on a flat surface, acurved surface, or any other shaped surface. For example, thediffraction grating 30 may be configured to reflect light 42 ofdifferent wavelengths in different directions. The diffraction grating30 may have a thickness 58 of less than or equal to about 700 nm.According to a specific example, the diffraction grating 30 may have athickness 58 in a range of from about 100 nm to about 300 nm. In anotherspecific example, the diffraction grating 30 may have a thickness 58 ofless than or equal to about 200 nm. The thickness 58 of the diffractiongrating 30 may affect the optical properties of the applique 14. Asdepicted in FIG. 4, in an exemplary form, the diffraction grating 30 maydefine a plurality of ridges 62 having a sawtooth or triangular shape.In three dimensions, the ridges 62 of the diffraction grating 30 canappear with a stepped or sawtooth shape without angular features,pyramidal in shape, or some combination of stepped and pyramidal shapes.In other words, the diffraction grating 30 may include the ruleddiffraction grating pattern. Other shapes of the ridges 62 of thediffraction grating 30 include hill-shaped features (e.g., sinusoidal-or curved-shaped features). Stated differently, the diffraction grating30 may include the holographic and/or spaced-holographic diffractiongrating pattern. The diffraction grating 30 can also include portionswith a combination of triangular- and hill-shaped ridges. Moregenerally, the shapes of the diffraction grating 30 should be such thatan effective blazing angle θ_(B) of at least 15 degrees is present forone or more portions of each ridge, grating, tooth, or groove of thediffraction grating 30. The blaze angle θ_(B) is the angle between stepnormal (i.e., the direction normal to each step or tooth of thediffraction grating 30) and a direction normal 68 to a coating surface70 having the diffraction grating 30.

Generally, the blaze angle θ_(B) is optimized to maximize the efficiencyof the wavelength(s) of the incident light 42, which may be typicalambient sunlight or light from a light source, to ensure that maximumoptical power is concentrated in one or more diffraction orders whileminimizing residual power in other orders (e.g., the zeroth orderindicative of the ambient light itself). An advantage of situating thediffraction grating 30 on planar portions or aspects of the surface isthat a constant blaze angle θ_(B) and a period 54 will result inconsistent reflected and diffracted light 42 _(n), 42 _(n+1) producedfrom the diffraction grating 30.

The diffraction grating 30 of the applique 14 may be characterized byone or more periods 54 (also known as d in the standard nomenclature ofdiffraction grating 30). In various aspects of the applique 14, theperiod 54 of the diffraction grating 30 is maintained between about 50nm and about 5 microns. In general, the maximum wavelength that a givendiffraction grating 30 can diffract is equal to about twice the period54. Hence, a diffraction grating 30 with a period 54 that is maintainedbetween about 50 nm and about 5 microns can diffract light 42 _(n), 42_(n+1) in an optical range of 100 nm to about 10 microns. According to aspecific example, the period 54 of a diffraction grating 30 ismaintained from about 150 nm to about 400 nm, ensuring that thediffraction grating 30 can efficiently diffract light 42 _(n), 42 _(n+1)in an optical range of about 300 nm to about 800 nm, roughly coveringthe visible spectrum.

The light 42 at an incident angle α is directed against asawtooth-shaped diffraction grating 30 having a thickness 58, a period54, and a blaze angle θ_(B). More particularly, a portion of the light42 striking the diffraction grating 30 at an incident angle α isreflected as reflected light 42 _(r) at the same angle α, and theremaining portion of the incident light 42 is diffracted at particularwavelengths corresponding to diffracted light 42 _(n), 42 _(n+1), etc.,at corresponding diffraction angles β_(n), β_(n+1), etc. The reflectedlight 42 _(r) is indicative of the zeroth order (i.e., n=0) and thediffracted light 42 _(n), 42 _(n+1) are indicative of the nth orderdiffraction according to standard diffraction grating terminology, wheren is an integer corresponding to particular wavelengths of the reflectedor diffracted light 42 _(r), 42 _(n). Additionally or alternatively,diffraction grating 30 may employ varying periods 54 (e.g., as includinga set of periods 54) that can be employed in iridescent applique 14.Consequently, the diffraction grating 30 advantageously can producejewel-like effects of widely varying wavelengths within various regionsof the pattern 50.

In some aspects, the diffraction grating 30 includes a varying period 54that varies between two and ten discrete values or, in specificexamples, between two and five discrete values across the diffractiongrating 30. According to another aspect, the diffraction grating 30 withvarying periods 54 can be employed in one or more portions of thecoating surface 70 of the polymeric coating 22, and one or morediffraction grating 30 having a constant period 54 are employed in otherportions of the polymeric coating 22 to create interesting, jewel-likeappearance effects produced by the applique 14 employing the diffractiongrating 30. In another example, the diffraction grating 30 includes avarying period 54 that changes between any number of values, onlylimited by the overall length of the diffraction grating 30 and/or theprocessing capabilities to develop such variability through precisecontrol of mold dimensions. In another embodiment, there may be aplurality of diffraction grating 30 in a spaced-apart configurationacross the applique 14. In such an embodiment, the plurality ofdiffraction grating 30 may have the same or different period 54.

Referring to FIG. 5, the diffraction grating 30 may form the pattern 50across the surface of the applique 14. The pattern 50 may besymmetrical, repeated, and/or continuous. Alternatively, the pattern 50may be random. The applique 14 may also include several differentpatterns. The pattern 50 may be defined by the diffraction grating 30being selectively applied to the polymeric coating 22. Accordingly, someportions of the applique 14 may include the diffraction grating 30 andother portions may not include the diffraction grating 30. Stateddifferently, the pattern 50 may result in an outline portion 50A of thepattern 50 including diffraction grating 30, and a body portion 50B ofthe pattern 50 being substantially free of the diffraction grating 30,

With reference to FIG. 6, the applique 14 may include the base structure18 with the polymeric coating 22 disposed thereon. As illustrated, thepolymeric coating 22 includes the diffraction grating 30. Alternatively,the base structure 18 may include the diffraction grating 30 defined bythe outer surface 26. In various aspects, the base structure 18 and thepolymeric coating 22 may include the diffraction grating 30. Thediffraction grating(s) on the base structure 18 and the polymericcoating 22 may be the same or different. Having additional patterns ofdiffraction grating 30 may provide a three-dimensional visual effect tothe applique 14.

Referring again to FIGS. 2-6, the diffraction grating 30 may defineindicia 78. In various examples, when minimal or no light 42 is directedat the diffraction grating 30, the indicia 78 may be substantiallyhidden. In this way, the indicia 78 on the applique 14 may not bevisible or may be partially visible. When the light 42 is directed onthe applique 14, the diffraction grating 30 may scatter the light 42 toreveal the indicia 78 on the applique 14. The indicia 78 may be apattern 50, design, logo, lettering, picture, or any other indicia 78.In various aspects, the diffraction grating 30 in the polymeric coating22 and/or the base structure 18 may produce a holographic image or otheroptical effect.

Referring now to FIG. 7, and with further reference to FIGS. 1-6, thediffraction grating 30 of the polymeric coating 22 may be formed bynano-engraving a mold pattern 84 onto a cavity surface 86 of a mold 88.The mold pattern 84 may be selectively nano-engraved onto one or morecavity surfaces 86 of the mold 88. The mold pattern 84 may be adiffraction grating 30. The nano-engraving of the mold pattern 84 may beaccomplished via a femtosecond ultraviolet laser (a “femto-laser”) 90.Femto-lasers 90 often include a titanium-sapphire (Ti:sapphire) laser,which may be tunable to emit red and near-infrared light having awavelength in a range of from about 650 nm to about 1100 nm. Thefemto-laser 90 generates ultrashort pulses having a duration in a rangeof from a few picoseconds to about 10 femtoseconds. In a specificexample, the femto-laser 90 nano-engraves the cavity surface 86 inpulses having a duration between about 10 femtoseconds and about 15femtoseconds. The ultrashort duration of the pulses operates toobliterate and/or remove a few molecules of the cavity surface 86 duringeach pulse. Accordingly, the femto-laser 90 may not produce aheat-affected zone of the cavity surface 86. The short interactionbetween the femto-laser 90 and the mold 88 may allow the electronswithin affected molecules to be heated without heating other molecules.Further, the femto-laser 90 may nano-engrave ultra-fine details in thecavity surface 86 of the mold 88. Accordingly, the femto-laser 90 canprovide nano-engravings 82 that are as thin as about 100 nm in thickness58. Moreover, the femto-laser 90 may operate at a peak power of about 15GW, which can cause multi-photon ionization (MPI). The intensity of thefemto-laser 90 pulsing initiating the mulita-photon effect may allow forthe engraving of solid materials used in tooling (e.g., the mold 88).Additionally or alternatively, the femto-laser 90 may nano-engravecomplex surfaces. In a specific aspect, the use of the femto-laser 90may be advantageous for providing a pattern 50 on a grille applique 14that includes complex surfaces (FIGS. 5 and 6).

An etching may also be selectively applied to the cavity surface 86 ofthe mold 88 by the femto-laser 90 or a separate laser. In variousexamples, a picosecond or nanosecond YAG laser may be used inconjunction with the Ti:sapphire laser. The YAG laser can remove morematerial from the mold 88 to produce a rough finishing of the cavitysurface 86, while the Ti:sapphire laser may provide the more minutediffraction gratings 30. Alternatively, the femto-laser 90 (e.g., theTi:sapphire laser) may provide the entire pattern 50 on the cavitysurface 86.

With reference to FIG. 8, the mold 88 may be heated via inductionheating. Heating elements 92 may be disposed behind the cavity surface86 of the mold 88 for heating the cavity surface 86. In variousexamples, the cavity surface 86 of the mold 88 may be heated to themelting point of the polymeric material 22A included in the polymericcoating 22. Heating the cavity surface 86 having the etchings and/ornano-engravings 82 may retain the polymeric material 22A in liquid formand/or with a low viscosity to fill the details of the etchings and/ornano-engravings 82. It is also contemplated that the mold 88 may beheated by steam or hot oil.

Referring to FIG. 9, molding of the base structure 18 and the additionof the polymeric coating 22 may be accomplished in a single mold 88(e.g., a single tool). The mold 88 may be heated and the base material18A may be injected into a first cavity 98 of the mold 88. The basestructure 18 may then be molded into the selected shape for the applique14. Once the base structure 18 is molded and cooled, the mold 88 isopened and the polymeric material 22A of the polymeric coating 22 can beinjected over the base structure 18 within the first cavity 98. Once thepolymeric coating 22 has cured, the mold 88 is opened and the applique14 may be removed.

Alternatively, referring to FIG. 10, the applique 14 may be formedthrough a two-shot injection molding process 114. The two-shot injectionmolding process 114 may be advantageous for a higher volume ofproduction. In a step 114A of the two-shot injection molding process114, the base material 18A for the base structure 18 may be injectedinto a first cavity 98 of the mold 88. In a step 114B, the mold 88 maymaintain pressure, allowing the base structure 18 to cool into theselected shape for the applique 14. In a step 114C, the mold 88 may beopened and a swivel plate 94 may be rotated about 180°, such that thebase structure 18 is disposed within a second cavity 102 of the mold 88.Once rotated, in a step 114D, the mold 88 may close again and thepolymeric material 22A polymeric coating 22 may be injected into thesecond cavity 102 over the base structure 18. Simultaneously, or aboutsimultaneously, the base material 18A for the base structure 18 for thenext applique 14 produced is injected into the first cavity 98 of themold 88. In a step 114E, the mold 88 may hold pressure, allowing for thepolymeric coating 22 to cure and the base structure 18 to cool. In astep 114F, the mold 88 may then be reopened and the applique 14 (thecombined base structure 18 and polymeric coating 22) may be removed, andthe swivel plate 94 may rotate about 180° for the cycle to repeat (e.g.,begin again at step 114A).

Referring to FIG. 11, and with further reference to FIGS. 1-10, a method200 of manufacturing the applique 14 includes a step 204 of providing amold 88. The mold 88 may be utilized in overmolding the polymericcoating 22 onto the base structure 18 or, alternatively, for two-shotinjection molding process 114.

The method 200 includes a next step 208 of molding the base structure18. The base structure 18 may be molded into the grille applique, thepillar feature, the emblem, or any of the other style appliques 14, asdiscussed previously herein. The base structure 18 may be molded in asame cavity of the mold 88 or a separate cavity relative to thepolymeric coating 22. Accordingly, the base structure 18 may define adiffraction grating 30. Alternatively, the base structure 18 may notdefine the diffraction grating 30.

A next step 212 of the method 200 may include etching the cavity surface86 of the mold 88. The etching may be accomplished with a YAG laser orwithin a Ti:sapphire laser (e.g., the femto-laser 90). The etching mayprovide a first pattern 106 on the cavity surface 86. The first pattern106 may or may not include diffraction grating 30. The etching may beselectively applied to the cavity surface 86, such that the firstpattern 106 is provided on a first portion 108 of the cavity surface 86and leaves a second portion 112 of the cavity surface 86 substantiallyfree of the diffraction grating 30. The etching may be provided on oneor more surfaces of the mold 88.

Next, a step 216 includes nano-engraving 82 a second pattern 110 on thecavity surface 86 of the mold 88. The nano-engraving 82 may produce thesecond pattern 110 including the diffraction grating 30 on the cavitysurface 86. The nano-engraving 82 may be accomplished with thefemto-laser 90, which may be advantageous for providing minute detailsfor the diffraction grating 30. In a specific example, thenano-engravings 82 may have a depth in the cavity surface 86 in a rangeof about 100 nm to 300 nm. In another specific example, thenano-engravings 82 may have a depth about or less than 200 nm.Accordingly, the nano-engravings 82 may produce a diffraction grating 30having a thickness 58 in a range of from about 100 nm to about 300 nm,or about or less than 200 nm, accordingly. The nano-engravings 82 may beapplied to the first portion 108 of the cavity surface 86, the secondportion 112 of the cavity surface 86, and/or a combination thereof.

A step 220 includes heating the mold 88. As previously explained withreference to FIG. 8, the cavity surface 86 may be heated via inductionheating by the heating elements 92. The heating of the cavity surface 86having the etchings and/or nano-engravings 82 allows for the material ofthe polymeric coating 22 to remain highly viscous and fill the minutedetails of the first and second patterns 106, 110 (e.g., the diffractiongrating 30) in the cavity surface 86.

In a step 224, the base structure 18 is positioned within the mold 88.The base structure 18 may be disposed within the mold 88 from when thebase structure 18 was molded, as in the step 224, or may be formedseparately and later disposed within the mold 88. The step 224 may alsoinclude cooling the base structure 18, such that the base structure 18may retain its shape when the mold 88 is opened.

Next, in a step 228, the polymeric coating 22 is injected over the basestructure 18. As previously explained with respect to FIG. 9, thepolymeric coating 22 may be molded over the base structure 18 after thebase structure 18 is molded. Alternatively, as previously discussed withrespect to FIG. 10, the polymeric coating 22 may be injected over thebase structure 18 in the two-shot injection molding 114 process. Thepolymeric coating 22 may remain viscous, at least in part due to theheated mold 88 and/or cavity surface 86 of the mold 88. In variousexamples, the material of the polymeric coating 22 may be in liquid formunder normal conditions (e.g., pressure, temperature, etc.). As such,the liquid material may be viscous with or without the heated mold 88.The polymeric coating 22 may flow over the base structure 18 and fillthe etchings and/or nano-engravings 82 of the cavity surface 86.Accordingly, the mold pattern 84 and/or the etchings and/ornano-engravings 82 in the cavity surface 86 may be a mirror image of theselected diffraction grating 30 or pattern 50 to be integrally definedby the polymeric coating 22. The polymeric coating 22 includingpolyurethane and/or polyuria may be advantageous for defining thediffraction grating 30 nano-engraved by the femto-laser 90. The step 228may also include the polymeric coating 22 curing, and the applique 14being removed from the mold 88.

Use of the present disclosure may provide for a variety of advantages.For example, the use of the femto-laser 90 may provide for minutenano-engravings 82 that may not be attainable with a conventional laser.Further, the femto-laser 90 may provide nano-engravings 82 with minutedetails to provide for a variety of patterns 50. Moreover, thefemto-laser 90 may operate in ultra-short pulses with higher power,which may allow a variety of surfaces, including the cavity surface 86of a mold 88 or other tooling, to be nano-engraved. The diffractiongrating 30 formed by the femto-laser 90 may be substantially hidden whenminimal or no light 42 is directed at the applique 14. When light 42 isdirected at the applique 14, the diffraction grating 30 may diffract thelight 42 to reveal the pattern 50 on the applique 14. Moreover, thediffraction grating 30 may be applied to base structures 18 that havecomplex surfaces, which may not be accomplished with a conventionallaser. The polymeric coating 22 may provide durability for the applique14. The polymeric coating 22 may be scratch-resistant and ultraviolet(UV) resistant and may prevent weathering of the applique 14, therebyincreasing the lifetime of the applique 14. Additionally, the polymericcoating 22 may have a more aesthetically appealing design thanconventional painted appliques, as conventional painted appliques mayhave an orange peel that may prevent the selected appearance.

According to various examples, a vehicle applique includes a basestructure and a polymeric coating disposed on the base structure. Thepolymeric coating at least partially covers an outer surface of the basestructure. A diffraction grating is integrally defined by the polymericcoating. The diffraction grating has a thickness in a range of fromabout 100 nm to about 300 nm. Embodiments of the present disclosure mayinclude one and/or a combination of the following features:

-   -   a polymeric coating includes at least one of polyurethane and        polyuria;    -   a diffraction grating has a period in a range of from about 50        nm to about 5 microns;    -   a diffraction grating has a period in a range of from about 150        nm to about 400 nm;    -   a diffraction grating defines indicia;    -   a diffraction grating includes a ruled grating pattern; and    -   a diffraction grating includes a holographic grating pattern.

According to various examples, a method of manufacturing a vehicleapplique includes providing a mold and selectively etching a firstpattern on at least one surface of the mold. A second pattern isselectively nano-engraved on the at least one surface of the mold. Thesecond pattern includes a diffraction grating. A base structure ispositioned within the mold. A polyurethane coating is injection moldedinto the mold. Embodiments of the present disclosure may include one ora combination of the following features:

-   -   heating a mold to a melting point of a polyurethane coating;    -   a femtosecond ultraviolet laser forms a nano-engraved second        pattern;    -   selective nano-engraving occurs in pulses having a duration        between about 10 femtoseconds and about 15 femtoseconds;    -   selective nano-engraving produces the diffraction grating having        a thickness of less than about 700 nm;    -   selective nano-engraving produces the diffraction grating has a        thickness of less than about 200 nm;    -   molding a base structure into a pillar feature for a vehicle;        and    -   molding a base structure into a vehicle grille.

According to various examples, a method of manufacturing a vehicleapplique including providing a mold and nano-engraving a diffractiongrating on a surface of the mold. The surface of the mold is heated viainduction heating. A base structure is positioned within the mold. Apolymeric coating is injection molded over the base structure.Embodiments of the present disclosure may include one or a combinationof the following features:

-   -   selective nano-engraving provides a diffraction grating on a        first portion of a mold and leaves a second portion of a mold        substantially free of the diffraction grating;    -   a surface of a mold is heated to a melting point of a polymeric        coating;    -   a femtosecond ultraviolet laser forms a nano-engraved        diffraction grating; and    -   nano-engraving produces a diffraction grating having a thickness        of less than about 700 nm.

Modifications of the disclosure will occur to those skilled in the artand to those who make or use the disclosure. Therefore, it is understoodthat the embodiments shown in the drawings and described above aremerely for illustrative purposes and not intended to limit the scope ofthe disclosure, which is defined by the following claims, as interpretedaccording to the principles of patent law, including the doctrine ofequivalents.

It is to be understood that variations and modifications can be made onthe aforementioned structure without departing from the concepts of thepresent disclosure, and further it is to be understood that suchconcepts are intended to be covered by the following claims unless theseclaims by their language expressly state otherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A vehicle, comprising: a window; and an appliquecoupled to the window, wherein the applique includes: a base structurecoupled to a surface of the window; a polymeric coating disposed on thebase structure, wherein the polymeric coating at least partially coversan outer surface of the base structure, wherein the polymeric coating isoptically clear for transmission of visible light having a wavelengthbetween 400 nm and 700 nm and has a haze of 10% or less; and adiffraction grating integrally defined by the polymeric coating, whereinthe diffraction grating has a thickness in a range of from about 100 nmto about 300 nm, and wherein at least a portion of the diffractiongrating has a blaze angle of at least 15 degrees.
 2. The vehicle ofclaim 1, wherein the polymeric coating includes at least one ofpolyurethane and polyuria.
 3. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein thediffraction grating has a period in a range of from about 50 nm to about5 microns.
 4. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the diffraction gratinghas a period in a range of from about 150 nm to about 400 nm.
 5. Thevehicle of claim 1, wherein the diffraction grating defines indicia. 6.The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the diffraction grating includes a ruledgrating pattern.
 7. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the diffractiongrating includes a holographic grating pattern.
 8. The vehicle of claim1, wherein the polymeric coating defines a first nano-engraved definingthe diffraction grating and a second etched pattern, wherein thethickness of the first nano-engraved pattern is less than a thickness ofthe second etched pattern.
 9. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the basestructure defines a second diffraction grating different than thediffraction grating defined by the polymeric coating.
 10. The vehicle ofclaim 1, wherein the diffraction grating defines a pattern such that aportion of the polymeric coating has the diffraction grating and aportion of the polymeric coating is free from the diffraction grating.11. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein the pattern of the diffractiongrating defines characters.
 12. The vehicle of claim 1, wherein thediffraction grating includes features that are at least one of a ridge,tooth, and groove, and wherein at least a portion of each feature hasthe blaze angle of at least 15 degrees.